气力输送系统的阻力是物料在管道内被气流输送时受到的各种阻碍力总和，直接影响输送能耗、气流速度选择与管道设计。这些阻力由多种因素共同作用形成，了解其组成有助于优化系统参数、降低运行成本，确保物料稳定高效输送。

　　The resistance of a pneumatic conveying system is the sum of various hindering forces experienced by materials when transported by airflow in a pipeline, which directly affects the energy consumption, airflow velocity selection, and pipeline design of the conveying system. These resistances are formed by the combined action of multiple factors, and understanding their composition can help optimize system parameters, reduce operating costs, and ensure stable and efficient material transportation.

　　物料与管道的摩擦阻力是核心组成，源于物料颗粒对管道内壁的撞击与摩擦。物料在气流带动下运动时，颗粒会因气流速度分布不均向管壁偏移，较大颗粒还会因重力贴近管壁滑动或滚动，持续与管壁作用。这种阻力与物料特性密切相关：硬度高、棱角锋利的物料，对管壁磨损更严重，阻力更大；颗粒粒径越大、密度越高，阻力随之增加。管道特性也有影响，内壁粗糙的管道比光滑管道阻力大，管道转弯处因颗粒撞击，阻力会突然增大，尤其在直角弯头处更为明显。

　　The frictional resistance between materials and pipelines is the core component, originating from the impact and friction of material particles on the inner wall of the pipeline. When materials move under the influence of airflow, particles will shift towards the pipe wall due to uneven distribution of airflow velocity. Larger particles will also slide or roll close to the pipe wall due to gravity, continuously interacting with the pipe wall. This resistance is closely related to the characteristics of the material: materials with high hardness and sharp edges have more severe wear on the pipe wall and greater resistance; The larger the particle size and density, the higher the resistance. The characteristics of pipelines also have an impact. Pipelines with rough inner walls have greater resistance than smooth pipelines. At the turning points of pipelines, the resistance will suddenly increase due to particle impact, especially at right angled bends.

　　气流流动产生的阻力包括沿程阻力与局部阻力。沿程阻力是气流在直管段内流动时，因气体分子内摩擦及与管壁摩擦产生的能量损耗，与管道长度、气流速度、管道直径相关：管道越长，沿程阻力累积越大；气流速度越高，阻力随之上升；管道直径越小，阻力也越大。局部阻力出现在气流状态突变位置，如管道入口、出口、阀门、变径处等，这些位置气流会产生涡流、冲击或流速突变，导致能量损失。系统中的过滤器、分离器等设备，也会因改变气流状态产生局部阻力。

　　The resistance generated by airflow includes along path resistance and local resistance. Along the way resistance refers to the energy loss caused by the friction between gas molecules and the pipe wall when the airflow flows in a straight pipe section. It is related to the length of the pipeline, the velocity of the airflow, and the diameter of the pipeline: the longer the pipeline, the greater the accumulated along the way resistance; The higher the airflow velocity, the higher the resistance; The smaller the diameter of the pipeline, the greater the resistance. Local resistance occurs at locations where there is a sudden change in the airflow state, such as the inlet, outlet, valve, and variable diameter of the pipeline. At these locations, the airflow can generate vortices, impacts, or sudden changes in flow velocity, resulting in energy loss. The filters, separators, and other equipment in the system can also generate local resistance due to changes in the airflow state.

　　物料悬浮与加速所需能量形成的阻力，是有效输送的必要消耗。气流需克服物料重力使颗粒悬浮，同时将静止物料加速至与气流相近速度，这两个过程都消耗能量。密度大、粒径粗的物料，悬浮所需气流速度更高，阻力更大；输送初始阶段，物料从静止被加速，加速阻力最明显，随着物料速度接近气流速度，阻力逐渐减小。物料浓度增加时，悬浮和加速所需能量上升，阻力也随之增大。

　　The resistance formed by the energy required for material suspension and acceleration is a necessary consumption for effective transportation. The airflow needs to overcome the gravity of the material to suspend the particles, while accelerating the stationary material to a velocity similar to that of the airflow, both of which consume energy. Materials with high density and coarse particle size require higher airflow velocity and greater resistance for suspension; In the initial stage of transportation, the material is accelerated from rest, and the acceleration resistance is most obvious. As the material velocity approaches the airflow velocity, the resistance gradually decreases. When the material concentration increases, the energy required for suspension and acceleration increases, and the resistance also increases accordingly.

　　物料之间的相互作用产生的阻力，在高浓度输送时尤为显著。管道内物料浓度较高时，颗粒距离缩小，会发生频繁碰撞、摩擦甚至团聚，形成额外阻力。较小颗粒可能吸附形成团块，增大阻力；较大颗粒会推开周围小颗粒，消耗更多能量。这种相互作用还会导致气流速度分布紊乱，加剧能量损耗，输送粘性物料时，颗粒易粘结形成絮团，使阻力急剧增加，甚至造成管道堵塞。

　　The resistance generated by the interaction between materials is particularly significant during high concentration transportation. When the concentration of materials in the pipeline is high, the distance between particles decreases, resulting in frequent collisions, friction, and even agglomeration, forming additional resistance. Smaller particles may adsorb and form clumps, increasing resistance; Larger particles will push away smaller particles around them, consuming more energy. This interaction can also cause turbulence in the distribution of airflow velocity, exacerbate energy loss, and when transporting viscous materials, particles are prone to bond and form flocs, leading to a sharp increase in resistance and even causing pipeline blockage.

　　系统漏风与压力损失形成的阻力，在实际运行中普遍存在。系统若管道连接处密封不良，会出现漏风：正压系统漏风导致管道内压力下降，需消耗更多能量维持流速，增加阻力；负压系统漏风使外部空气进入，稀释物料浓度，增加风机负荷。此外，系统中的分离器、除尘器等设备若堵塞或过滤效率下降，会导致压力损失增大，形成额外阻力。

　　The resistance caused by system air leakage and pressure loss is commonly present in actual operation. If the sealing at the pipeline connection of the system is poor, air leakage may occur: air leakage in the positive pressure system leads to a decrease in pressure inside the pipeline, requiring more energy to maintain flow rate and increase resistance; The negative pressure system leaks air, causing external air to enter, diluting material concentration, and increasing fan load. In addition, if the separators, dust collectors and other equipment in the system are blocked or the filtration efficiency decreases, it will lead to an increase in pressure loss and the formation of additional resistance.

　　气力输送系统总阻力是多种阻力的叠加，设计时需综合考虑各部分影响，通过合理选择管道材质、优化布局、匹配气流速度与物料浓度降低总阻力。运行中定期维护，也能有效控制阻力增长，确保系统长期高效运行。

　　The total resistance of a pneumatic conveying system is the superposition of multiple resistances. When designing, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the influence of each part, and reduce the total resistance by selecting pipeline materials reasonably, optimizing layout, matching airflow velocity and material concentration. Regular maintenance during operation can effectively control resistance growth and ensure long-term efficient operation of the system.

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